CLI commands - Classes & subnetting of networks
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CLI commands - Classes & subnetting of networks |
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Configuring computer network means that the configuration performs active network equipment in the network, and designed according to the accepted scheme. Sometimes it is used to set the serial RS 232C port on a computer connected with a special connection to the network device. Can be used and different types of connectors, but cable to connect the network devices and computers strictly dedicated supplied with the network device. Via 'Terminal' ('Hyper Terminal' in Windows XP OS) software is possible access to the active network device and giving command contained in the operating system network device is performed to configure. When to a network device is assigned an address that is in line with the creation of a network diagram-firm institutions, can be via a web interface, using a graphical representation of the GUI (Graphic User Interface), configuring a network access device, but not to the full extent as the command line - CLI (Command Line Interface). CLI is the primary way to configure the device.
So firm Cisco in their network devices using IOS (Internetwork Operating System) that allows you to configure the network devices on both these ways. The following provides a little manual that shows how to look at TCP / IP in relation to the OSI network model concept, useful commands for Windows OS contains a snapshot of the set parameters of your computer and control the communication network, a list of computer classes, auxiliary tables for successful subnetting the network, the commands for configuring Cisco routers and switches. Commands allow the network device is defined by the administrator name and its password to configure the communication protocols and a variety of security mechanisms.
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TCP / IP suite of protocols according to layers of the OSI model
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OSI TCP / IP Protocols PDU
---------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------- --------
7. Application Application Telnet, FTP, SMTP
6. Presentation ASCII, GIF , JPEG D A T A
5. Session Socket Interface(HD,FD) Data
4. TRANSPORT TRANSPORT (Host2Host/End2End) TCP, UDP SEGMENT
3. Network Internet IP PACKET
2. Data Link Network Access (Host2Net)
LLC (802.2) SAP, SNAP
MAC (802.3) FRAME
1. Physical Bits
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Classes of of computer networks and subnetting
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Commands in the Command Prompt window of PC
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ipconfig /all
arp -a
netstat -n
ping (network layer - 3)
tracert
telnet (application layer - 7)
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Network classes - computer addresses (public and private)
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Network addressing with IPv4 (32 bits)
Class 1 8 16 24 32
|......|.......|.......|.......|
. . . . .
A |0.Net.|.........hosts.........|
B |10...Network..|.....hosts.....|---- publice networks
C |110........Network....|.hosts.|
. .
D |1110....Multicast address.....|
E |1111.........Reserved.........|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CIDR Leading bits
notation (HOBits)
A 1-126.h.h.h IP/8 0
B 128-191.N.h.h IP/16 10
C 192-223.N.N.h IP/24 110
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D 224-239.n.n.n IP/32 1110 (Multicast)
E 240-255.n.n.n IP/32 1111 (Reserved)
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Network 127 is reserved for the loopback (127.0.0.1) and testing
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224.0.0. 5 = OSPF DR i BDR (Hello-LSA)
224.0.0. 6 = OSPF ostali
224.0.0. 9 = RIPv2
224.0.0.10 = EIGRP (Dual-Hello), SR (routing and top table)
, FS (top.table)
, table of neighbor
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A 10. 0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 |
B 172. 16.0.0 - 172. 31.255.255 |---- private networks
C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 |
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An example of networking computers and computing devices in a private class C
is shown in Chapter 7.4.5, at Figure 7.4.16.
The most commonly used ports (number and purpose) |-----|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| |Port | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 53 | 69 | 80 | 119 | 110 | 161 | 443 | 531 | |-----|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| |Purp.|FTP-D|FTP | SSH|T-net| SMTP| %DNS|*TFTP| HTTP| NNTP| POP3|*SNMP|HTTPS| CHAT| |-----|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| *UDP %UDP+TCP =================================================================================== Decade-hexadecimal-binary numbers |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |D| 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |H| F | E | D | C | B | A | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |B|1111|1110|1101|1100|1011|1010|1001|1000|0111|0110|0101|0100|0011|0010|0001|0000| |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| Decade-hexadecimal-binary numbers with leading zeros |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| | 16384|8192|4096|2048|1024| 512| 256| 128| 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |H|4000|2000|1000| 800| 400| 200| 100| 80 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| | |0100|0010|0001| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |B|0000|0000|0000|1000|0100|0010|0001| | | | | | | | | | | |0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|1000|0100|0010|0001|0000| |-|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----| Subnetting B-class (128-191.N.h.h IP/16) |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |Format| /17 | /18 | /19| /20| /21| /22| /23| /24| | /25| /26| /27| /28| /29| /30| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| | Net | 128 | 192 | 224| 240| 248| 252| 254| 255| | 255| 255| 255| 255| 255| 255| | MASK | 0 | 0 | 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| | 128| 192| 224| 240| 248| 252| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |Net-b | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |Host-b| 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| | | 1000| 1100|1110|1111|1111|1111|1111|1111| |1111|1111|1111|1111|1111| 1111| |Binary| 0000| 0000|0000|0000|1000|1100|1110|1111| |1111|1111|1111|1111|1111| 1111| | | 0000| 0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000| |1000|1100|1110|1111|1111| 1111| | | 0000| 0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000|0000| |0000|0000|0000|0000|1000| 1100| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |Range | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1| | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |T-sub | *2| 4| 8| 16| 32| 64| 128| 256| | 512|1024|2048|4096|8192|16384| |U-SUB | * | 2| 6| 14| 30| 62| 126| 254| | 510|1022|2046|4094|8190|16382| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| |T-host|32768|16384|8192|4096|2048|1024| 512| 256| | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| |U-HOST|32766|16382|8190|4094|2046|1022| 510| 254| | 126| 62| 30| 14| 6| 2| |------|-----|-----|----|----|----|----|----|----| |----|----|----|----|----|-----| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of subnetting private class B
is shown in the Chapter 4.4.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subnetting B-class (192-223.N.N.h IP/24) |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Format | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | | | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Net Mask | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Bits borrowed - NB | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | | Bits for host - HB | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | | 1000| 1100| 1110| 1111| 1111| 1111| 1111| 1111| | Binary | 0000| 0000| 0000| 0000| 1000| 1100| 1110| 1111| |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Range | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | Total subnets | *2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | NB | | Usable SUBNETS | * | 2 | 6 | 14 | 30 | 62 | 2 - 2 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------| | Total hosts |*128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | HB | | Usable HOSTS | 126 | 62 | 30 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 2 - 2 | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------| | IP-IP hosts RANGE | *1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | for first SUBNET |*126 | 62 | 30 | 14 | 6 | 2 | | |--------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified Subnetting B-class /27 (3 bits borrowed) |-----|---------------|-----------|----------| |No of| Subnet ID | IP-Numbers| Boadcast | Addresses with zero "0" | Net | (NET-MASK) | of HOSTS | ID | are reserved for the |-----|---------------|-----------|----------| NETWORK (bits of host part) | 0 |x.x.x.(000) 0 | 1 - 30 |x.x.x. 31 | | 1 |x.x.x.(001) 32 | 33 - 62 |x.x.x. 63 | Addresses with one "1" | 2 |x.x.x.(010) 64 | 65 - 94 |x.x.x. 95 | are reserved for | 3 |x.x.x.(011) 96 | 97 - 126 |x.x.x.127 | BROADCAST of NETWORK | 4 |x.x.x.(100)128 | 129 - 158 |x.x.x.159 | (bits of host part) | 5 |x.x.x.(101)160 | 161 - 190 |x.x.x.191 | | 6 |x.x.x.(110)192 | 193 - 222 |x.x.x.223 | | 7 |x.x.x.(111)224 | 225 - 254 |x.x.x.255 | |-----|---------------|-----------|----------| 'Subnet' mask of subnet /27 is: 255.255.255.224 (x.x.x.11100000) Sub-subnetting C-klasa /27 at /30 for serial links |-----|---------|-------|----------|---------| | Sub |Sub-Subn.| IP of |Sub-Subnet| IP of | | Net | ID | LINKS | ID | LINKS | |-----|---------|-------|----------|---------| Addresses with zero "......00" | 0 |x.x.x.32 | 33-34 |x.x.x.192 | 193-194 | are reserved for the SUB-NET | 1 |x.x.x.36 | 37-38 |x.x.x.196 | 197-198 | (bits of host part) | 2 |x.x.x.40 | 41-42 |x.x.x.200 | 201-202 | | 3 |x.x.x.44 | 45-46 |x.x.x.204 | 205-206 | Addresses with one "......11" | 4 |x.x.x.48 | 49-50 |x.x.x.208 | 209-210 | are reserved for | 5 |x.x.x.52 | 53-54 |x.x.x.212 | 213-214 | BROADCAST for SUB-NET | 6 |x.x.x.56 | 57-58 |x.x.x.216 | 217-218 | (bits of host part) | 7 |x.x.x.60 | 61-62 |x.x.x.220 | 221-222 | |-----|---------|-------|----------|---------| 'Subnet' mask of sub-subnet /30 is: 255.255.255.252 (x.x.x.11111100) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of subnetting private class C
is shown in the Chapter 4.5.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Different tables of subnetting only for 'Usable SUBNETS' i 'Usable HOSTS' Subnetting B-class (128-191.N.h.h IP/16) |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| |Format|OF Bits| Subnet Mask | Subnets | Hosts | Range | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /17 | *1 | 255.255.128. 0 | *2 | 32766 | 128 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /18 | 2 | 255.255.192. 0 | 2 | 16382 | 64 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /19 | 3 | 255.255.224. 0 | 6 | 8190 | 32 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /20 | 4 | 255.255.240. 0 | 14 | 4094 | 16 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /21 | 5 | 255.255.248. 0 | 30 | 2046 | 8 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /22 | 6 | 255.255.252. 0 | 62 | 1022 | 4 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /23 | 7 | 255.255.254. 0 | 126 | 510 | 2 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /24 | 8 | 255.255.255. 0 | 254 | 254 | 1 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /25 | 9 | 255.255.255.128 | 510 | 126 | 128 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /26 | 10 | 255.255.255.192 | 1022 | 62 | 64 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /27 | 11 | 255.255.255.224 | 2046 | 30 | 32 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /28 | 12 | 255.255.255.240 | 4094 | 14 | 16 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /29 | 13 | 255.255.255.248 | 8190 | 6 | 8 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /30 | 14 | 255.255.255.252 | 16382 | 2 | 4 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified Subnetting C-class (192-223.N.N.h IP/24) |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| |Format|OF Bits| Subnet Mask | Subnets | Hosts | Range | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /25 | *1 | 255.255.255.128 | *2 | 126 | 128 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /26 | 2 | 255.255.255.192 | 2 | 62 | 64 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /27 | 3 | 255.255.255.224 | 6 | 30 | 32 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /28 | 4 | 255.255.255.240 | 13 | 14 | 16 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /29 | 5 | 255.255.255.248 | 30 | 6 | 8 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| | /30 | 6 | 255.255.255.252 | 62 | 2 | 4 | |------|-------|-----------------|---------|-------|-------| * If by IOS router supported zero subnets can be used specified ==================================================================================
The next page refers to the router configuration.
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Citing of this page: Radic, Drago. " Informatics Alphabet " Split-Croatia. {Date of access}; https://informatics.buzdo.com/specific/file. Copyright © by Drago Radic. All rights reserved. | Disclaimer |
