5G Mobile devices

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What is 5G? Is this technology which promotes the spread of the COVID-19 virus? No, but someone made public their 'expert opinion' which the ignorant accepted. In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cellphones. 5G can be implemented in smartphones, tablets, notebooks and any other kind of mobile devices.

Due to improvements of technology new chips is made, transmission protocols are improved and operating frequencies are much higher. By the way, not so long ago reaching a stable operating frequency of a couple of GHz was science fiction. So, basically there is nothing especially new except more available frequency bands with different possibilities of propagation for radio waves. Communications are available in three frequency bands:

• High band > 24 GHz -   Target for highest performance 5G applications. This high-band offers speed and latency advantages, but is suited only for short distances, does not penetrate buildings and is subject to more interference.
  Frequencies are used:
  
  
  • 24.25 - 27.50 GHz at EU level.
  • 25.25 - 27.50 GHz in accordance with the NJFA (NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement) agreement for military use.
    
    
  The use of radio frequency spectrum in multiples of 200 MHz block frequencies (16 blocks) is envisaged. It is also possible to use blocks of smaller width (50 MHz, 100 MHz or 150 MHz), in which case the blocks are moved in steps of 10 MHz.
  
  
• Mid band 2-7 GHz -   Includes multiple frequency bands according to the following:
  
  
  • 3400 - 3800 MHz downlink frequency range (broadcast) for outdoor broadband base stations;
    18 blocks of 5 MHz.
    
    
  The following frequency bands use 18 blocks of 5 MHz to broadcast (downlink) radio signals:
  
  
  • 1427 - 1452 MHz in accordance with the NJFA agreement for military use.
    
  • 1452 - 1492 MHz at EU level.
    
  • 1492 - 1518 MHz in accordance with the NJFA agreement for military use.
    
    
  For the needs of Wi‑Fi 6 standard (highly advanced Wi‑Fi 5 standard) radio frequency spectra are used:
  
  
  • 2400 - 2483 MHz in blocks of 20 - 40 Mhz (3/1 channels).
    
  • 5170 - 5835 MHz in blocks of 20 - 160 MHz (25/2 channels).
    
  • 5926 - 7125 MHz in blocks of 20 - 160 MHz (59/7 channels).
    
    
  The above radiofrequency area offers a good balance regarding the coverage and capacity benefits. The frequency band with 20-160 MHz wide communication channels enables high-capacity networks with low latency, and better coverage over a wider area within the space than is possible with a higher frequency band. The number and width of channels in the old Wi‑Fi 5 standard is different.
  
  
• Low band < 1 GHz -   Support coverage for longer distances across urban, suburban and rural areas and will help to support IoT services. The low-band spectrum, historically used for 2G, 3G and 4G cellular networks and for broadcast TV, includes the spectrum in area of 700 MHz, 800 Mhz and 900 MHz, which is important for 5G because this frequency spectrums has an acceptable relationship between the operating frequency and the signal attenuation during propagation. Low-band frequencies will be used to travel longer distances, according to rural areas, and pass of radio waves through barriers for better coverage in locations such as elevators and parking garages.
  
  The predicted frequency spectrum for this purpose is:
  
  
  • 698 - 703 MHz, uplink band (reception).
    
  • 733 - 736 MHz, uplink band.
    
  • 753 - 758 MHz, downlink band (transmitting).
    
  • 788 - 791 MHz, downlink band.
    
  • 800 MHz, ???.
    
  • 900 MHz, ???.
    
    
  The listed frequencies will be used as a frequency duplex with a duplex spacing of 55 MHz. Definitely, more time needs to pass before some already occupied frequency bands 'die out'.
  

Since frequency bands have different properties of propagation, all radio-based communications involve trade-offs between speed, distance/coverage, density and bandwidth. 5G smatphones and their logical solution makes the decision when to some of these bands to use. It is currently using the available older technologies with which it is compatible, and will show its full potential when the conditions are met. The use of different frequency bands, and thus the wavelengths of the radio waves used, is not a problem with the length of the antenna as the physical antenna can be electronically 'extended' or 'shortened' to accommodate the wavelength of the radio waves it uses. The bigger problem is that the standards between the countries are not harmonized.

5G growth is also closely linked to advances in smartphones, IoT sensors, edge/cloud computing, artificial intelligence, software-defined networks and modern methods for rapid software development, all of which can exploit the capabilities of 5G networks. Of course, not all frequencies are available within these frequency bands because they are maybe used by other systems (satellite navigation, army ...). One thing is for sure - the frequency of 2.45 GHz (and close to it) should not be used because it directly harms the human body, especially the brain. Namely, it is the resonant frequency of water, and this is the reason why the microwave oven for heating food is subject to strict standards regarding the possible 'release' of radiation into the environment. Thus, the 5G network is not a threat to humans if the operating frequencies and radiation power are carefully chosen. If there is a 5G smatphone, there is certainly a transceiver on a building or transmitter pole because otherwise there is no communication. But satisfying all that 5G allows, looking from the 'opposite side' of a smatphone is quite expensive.

To achieve big data handling, 5G will use part of the spectrum assigned for high-band wave, or millimeter wave. These are short-range waves incapable of travelling through walls or past trees which drop off and die after a few hundred meters. They can be individually targeted, but also have to be relayed from a base station via small antennae to avoid obstacles and reach their destination. These will be small, the size of fire alarm boxes or smaller. Cellular providers will fix tens of thousands of these small, low-power base stations, or cells, to street furniture such as lampposts and outside and inside buildings. 5G will enable new services such as remote control of critical infrastructure and robot-led medical procedures. Smart public utilities, shopping centres, hospitals, farms, factories, offices, sports stadia and schools. Little will escape the march of 5G. Question is how 5G will be realized, numerous low power small cells, or fewer high power macro cells, or both? At this moment everything is at faze of some kind of upgrading 4G.

The following figure shows some of the essential features that 5G provides.

Figure 1. Essential 5G Functions.

There are no details on this page about everything necessary for 5G technology to successfully fulfill its task. It will take a long time for everything to be defined and standardized regarding the use of 5G. But that's why it's time to introduce one of the smartphones capable of working in a 5G network. My choice of smartphone is described below.

LG WING 5G is revolutionary smartphone unlike anything else on the market. It's innovative multi-screen form factor, plus high-performance 5G connectivity and a suite of content creation tools, enhances productivity and fuels every passion.

Figure 7.2 Innovative design for smartphone by LG. ( + / - )

It is not necessary to describe it, because movie above describe it very well. It is impressive design but big question is will be acceptable. Software must be design to show game or movie at big screen, and small screen is control screen. It is very acceptable for user because main screen is free of any kind of intervention. Screens are not with same technology.

• Main screen - P-OLED -   While the first wave of OLED panels were built using glass substrates, the desire for more interesting form factors has seen this layer move over to use more flexible plastic components. Plastic substrates can be more easily formed into new shapes, than cheaper and more than 50% thinner in relation to the glass substrate. The screen resolution is 2'460 x 1'080 pixels.
  
  
• Second screen - G-OLED -   Panel which is built using glass substrate for the better display performance, which is important because this is essentially a control panel that touches much more than the main panel. To prevent damage to the second screen during rotation, dust scratch protection technology was used. The screen resolution is 1'240 x 1'080 pixels.
  

The swivel mechanism of Main screen has passed detailed tests and will withstand 200'000 turns without any problems. Considering that for most actions on a mobile phone you will not need an additional screen, the mechanism will work without problems for years. For now, 6 generations of Wi‑Fi are not supported, but for a device of this type, good support is certainly ready and the firmware (software written at Flash-ROM) will be easily upgraded. Other new technology standards are fully supported.

There are many solutions on the market regarding the use of two screens, but only this approach allows two tasks to be performed simultaneously. With a lot of unusual features, especially in terms of using cameras, this smartphone is a very valid solution for me, especially in terms of showing movies. The main screen is free from any interventions while watching, and it is easier to handle with a smartphone. On the official LG website and on YouTube you can find a lot of videos and reviews about this phone and mostly the opinions are very positive. We will soon see how this smatphone will position itself in the market. I hope well, although I will never be able to afford this unusual smatphone.

SUMMARY:

This design looks like a PC with a keyboard and mouse in a 'compressed' version. It is even, in my opinion, more efficient than the design with the touchpad used for laptops. If LG does not have a large mobile market, this design of smartphone form-factor will hardly survive.

At one time, Philips designed a portable tape recorder (cassette player) with small cassettes and gave a free license to produce them to whoever wants. While other manufacturers of electronic devices find a solution they have sold millions of tape deck. Prior to that, IBM created the PC and granted a free license for the entire design. It happened similarly to cassette players. The PC has multiplied so much with the manufacturers who made the 'PC clones', and has trampled on all the other PC solutions on the market. When IBM tried to license a faster bus, there was simply no effect. Manufacturers of PC-compatible computers founded the group 'Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers' - IEEE, which has teamed up with other standards organizations, like ISO and VESA. The PC now has its own standards that evolve over time and whoever doesn’t respect them 'doesn’t pass'.

The only one that survived the PC invasion is Apple with its 'MAC OS X' operating system which uses fairly free software support (open source). Hardware solutions are generally licensed and always about ten percent more efficient than PC solution, and the basis of the operating system is UNIX which means that multitasking is significantly more efficient than Windows OS. In my opinion 'MAC' is better with regard to the OS, better quality parts, more effectively control production but therefore also more expensive.

If LG does the same with its design, anything could happen as in the previous two cases described.

In the year 2024, most smartphones and home gateways (GATEWAY) mostly support the Wi‑Fi 5 standard. Marketers skillfully use the term '5G' in the sense that the devices use a frequency range in the area above 5 GHz, without specifying that the frequency range in the area above 6 GHz is not used, and thus sell users outdated technology. There are very few examples of devices using the Wi‑Fi 6 or Wi‑Fi 6E standard, and there are almost no devices using the Wi‑Fi 7 standard. I believe that when the car-industry accepts the Wi‑Fi 7 standard that everything will accelerate rapidly, especially in the field of application outside the home environment. It will be '6G' equipment.

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