Mobile devices - phone, smatphone, tablet

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The introductory picture shows one of the more advanced phones. Regarding communication with PTT exchange, mobile devices have entered into service before four decades and more resembled postwar (WW II) radios. As the first commercial mobile phone is considered Motorola 'DynaTAC 8000x' out in 1973th year, the battery had a capacity for about 30 minutes or 8 hours of work mode 'mode' and therefore had the power switch for work. They used an analog frequency modulation of high-frequency signals, the principle of FDMA signal transmission to the operating frequency in the range of approximately 800-900 MHZ and a direct connection to the antenna system PTT central. For this frequency range used is built and telescopic antenna of about 20 cm. Enabled the two basic functionality as the classic telephone: dial a phone number and call.

Phone at introduction picture is modern version of the original mobile phone. It also provides basic features, but it can save a certain number of phone numbers in the phone book and make it even benefits with regard to handling. Mobile telephone handset uses digitally modulated high-frequency signal in the range of 1.88 GHz to 1.9 GHz for communicating with the 'base' through which the battery of headsets is charging and with PTT central exchanges analog signal, also with all the corresponding signaling characteristic of analog PTT communication. Can still be used for home purposes connected for example at ADSL SOHO device, using a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) standard analog telephone communication (such as scheme according to Figure 3.1a) or VoIP (Voice over IP) capabilities of SOHO device (such as scheme according to Figure 3.1b). Due to the higher operating frequency with a base antenna is smaller and does not have the 'pull' of the chassis.

          Although the use of mobile communications dating back more than four decades, for example radios in vehicles such as taxi, police cars and ambulance, they were not mobile phones because they were not part of the postal cellular network. Could not call the phone number of the vehicle, but everything functioned as a separate telecommunications network that is used by a number of transceiver interconnected systems (nodes), each of which is 'covered' part of the field. Besides former technology, although they had already used semiconductor components, could provide a feature of today's mobile devices, small size and weight and work at higher frequency range 1GHz. But time-wise within a single human lifetime, the development of technology has enabled the gradual development of mobile devices, and is basically a few technological generations that their characteristics are defined mobile phone each of them:

• 1G first generation - Communication nodes are allowed 'switching' from one geographic area to another without having to change the operating frequency, and all were associated with PTT system. First commercial automated cellular network nodes achieved company NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation) 1979th year, which is using 23 communication nodes 'cover' in Tokyo. Next five years NTT network was expanded along the Japan and became the first national 1G networks in the world. Signal transmission was based on analog technology. The system is based on the FDMA concept of distribution channels within a given frequency fields in the range of approximately 800-900 MHz.
  
  
• 2G second generation - Nineties of the 20th century appeared in the second generation of mobile phones that use the GSM standard. Telephone systems were different from previous generations that have used digital data transmission. In this period, began to use prepaid cell phones (prepaid mobile phone) that are buying vouchers user will spend every time you receive a call from someone. Digital transmission allows TDMA distribution channels, and advanced systems were using CDMA and distribution channels. Introduced messaging via SMS (Short Message Service), initially only the GSM network, and later across all digital networks. SMS is also the first service with regard to data transfer, with the primary purpose - a conversation. GSM is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. One of the key features of the GSM network SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) module. SIM is a smart card containing information about the user's subscription and phonebook that allows the user to keep their data after changing the mobile device. Frequency range that these devices use the 800-900 MHz and 1800-1900 MHz.
  
  
• 3G second generation - The answer to the growing demand for data services (such as the Internet) and the need for higher data transfer speeds. Used upgraded CDMA standard introduces VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology. So, on the basis of TCP / IP protocol suite that allows to perform a call using the existing network connections, both in the local and long distance traffic, as well as international. The great advantage of VoIP technology is the possibility of calling mobile and fixed subscribers and achieving international calls at extremely low prices. Enabled data transfer rates of 84 Mbps Devices of this generation using the frequency range of approximately 2G devices. The first non-commercial network launched by NTT in Japan in Tokyo in 2001st year.
  
  
• 4G fourth generation - By 2009. it became clear that the 3G networks become overloaded with users and use of applications that need a broadband channel for the transmission of data (such as, for example, transmission of multimedia data flow). He began to develop technologies that are optimized for the transmission of data and they need to transfer data at high speeds (about 10 times faster than 3G). Accepted technologies are WiMAX version for mobile phones and LTE (Long-Term evolution) which is developing an association of most mobile operators. Node as an access point communication 'disappears' and uses the IP network. Modern devices of this generation can be full members of the Wi‑Fi (SOHO) networks. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) standard, similar to the DVB-T standard, is used with regard to the distribution channels for data transfer. Devices of this generation are used as a frequency range of 3G devices and a range of approximately 2500 to 2700 MHz. WiMax provides for the use of the frequency ranges of 3300-3800 MHz and prospects and higher. LTE standard implements compatibility with previous standards, and this gives it an advantage over WiMAX. It seems that most of the new mobile operator accepts LTE and that this later established standard adopted faster.
  
  
• 5G fifth generation - Term for some new mobile technologies. Definitions differ and confusion is common. Standard provides for speeds up to 20 Gbps and works with millimeter waves of 15 GHz and higher frequency. The more recent standard includes any network using the 'NR New Radio' software. 5G 'New Radio' can include lower frequencies, from 600 MHz to 6 GHz. However, the speeds in these lower frequencies are only modestly higher than 4G systems, estimated at 15% to 50% faster. 5G smartphone is 4G compatibile. Of course, the new generation of devices also has more advanced hardware. With this new technology, also is interested Wi‑Fi 6 which introduces some new technologies to help mitigate the issues that come with putting dozens of Wi‑Fi devices on a single network. Benefits can be expected at Homebox Internet and mobile devices.
  
  
• 6G Six generation - From the outside, they completely resemble the 5G generation of devices, but the electronics and protocols have been improved, significantly greater versatility of use, better security, and faster work speed. They support Wi‑Fi 6E ( Wi‑Fi 7 , which means they will support 3 frequency bands (higher, middle, lower) as stated in part 7 of this chapter. It is not necessary to purchase it if your ISP has not supplied a GATEWAY with Wi‑Fi 6E ( Wi‑Fi 7 ) support.
  

The following figure shows some of the design of individual generation mobile phones.

Figure 1.1 Mobile phones through the generations.

Using a variety of program support for mobile phones to distribute malicious programs and protective measures become obligatory, like computing devices. Of course, all of this has enabled enormous miniaturization and integration of electronic components. Since this is a phone + Internet service, it is understood that this is a full-duplex communication and are therefore required transmitting and receiving subchannel.

Top mobile phones today except for essential purposes - cellular telephone systems - is a plenty of options: sending SMS messages, GPS navigation, Wi‑Fi network access and mobile broadband access, computer access, imaging and recording built-in camera, video communication over the network, watching and listening to media content, browsing integrated program support, the use of a variety of Internet service and yet something, and all of the above achievable through orders given through the touch screen. About all this care any operating system, of which the most blunt: Symbian, Windows Mobile, iOS, Android and PalmOS. Therefore, they do not even call mobile phones (cell phone) but SMARTPHONE; mobile phones with more advanced computing ability and connectivity all sorts of possibilities. Definitely belong to the generation of 4G & 5G mobile devices.

SUMMARY:

When thought about it, according to the hardware capabilities surpass computers made ten years ago. On the screen resolution of 1920×1080px (HD resolution) and the diagonal of 4-6" give a picture of very high quality, according to the density of pixels (even over 400 ppi) much better than a computer monitor and have FLASH memory for persistent storage of data, up to 64 GB. Indisputable is that mobile devices are the new generation at the pixel density exceeds almost all of the technology preview images for desktops, from CRT to LED monitors. Yet they just lack a system for working with optical media to be completely surpassed computers from the time Windows 95 operating systems.

What certainly looking forward to 'ordinary-casual' user devices are similar and expanded capabilities in relation to the smart phone, with a larger screen diagonal and resolution, usually 7-12" and sometimes higher resolution than HD standard - called TABLET COMPUTER, or simply TABLET. For Laptops and as well as strong competition and called for nothing more laptops. satisfy all customers' business needs, and provide multimedia atmosphere and allow gaming, especially if you enable the connection of various accessories, from classic keyboard onwards - whatever you dream up.

Processor type that mobile devices use completely different concept of processors that use desktops and laptops. This is mainly ARM processor type that uses an abbreviated instruction set (Reduced Instructions Set - RISC), which allows them a solid performance in a small package and low power consumption. Are based on the design of the British corporations 'ARM Holdings' that it has developed since the eighties of the twentieth century, but it does not produce but only designs and then collects license rights from many manufacturers. Interested firms licensed certain performance and the amount of these microprocessors and ordered their production by third party companies that deal only production of integrated circuits. Using the 32 nm and 28 nm process development, a trend is developing 22 nm process or less. Examples of such processes are the Texas Instruments OMAP, Apple's A4 and A5, Nvidia Tegra, Cortex A15, Intel Atom, and others. Modern technology has made such a miniaturization that the integrated CPU and GPU systems with multiple cores commonplace. Indeed, the GPU unit usually has multiple cores of the CPU unit regarding primary role that mobile devices have - a graphical display and multimedia tasks. On mobile devices are not programmed. Programmed on the development platform for mobile applications.

But this is not a critical factor for all kinds of users. In fact, mobile devices do not have the resources to support the program as CAD products in this segment desktops will remain indispensable, but also regarding the gaming options that are available only with 'muscular' and expensive desktops and laptops. But for the less demanding - ordinary and casual user mobile devices are sufficient. Especially if their main business communications, Internet services and multimedia relaxation. Classic PC computers, laptops, notebooks and gaming consoles to mobile devices have very dangerous competitors. What the device described by these lines is inexpressibly glad they built accelerometers enable automatic display rotation when they change position

It seems that the 'miracle' in the hands of Captain James Tiberius Kirk and Captain Kathryn Janeway from 'Star Trek' is becoming a reality. It would not do that one day 'Terminator' to become a reality.

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